The Germans have got Solomon Islands, but the problem has not been solved in Samoa. Samoa in New Caledonia and Tahiti, with the emergence of German forces, Americans have also appeared in this region to prevent Germany from expanding here and to prevent the United States from participating in the division of land here under the banner of guarding against Germany. While stepping up the establishment of strongholds in various places, it is urgent to discuss with Britain, a vested interest, whether this area can be divided into demilitarized areas. The two countries jointly oppose the state occupation of this area.
Britain said that the United States should be invited to participate in the discussion, so the three largest and strongest forces in the Pacific region did it together, and their discussion won the world’s attention. Everyone agreed that this meeting between Britain and the United States was another division of Nanyang, and many countries with potential interests in the Pacific Ocean were in uproar.
In particular, Germany has just withdrawn from this region, and France strongly condemns this brutal and arbitrary division of the main land without going through other countries. It believes that this behavior is not in line with the spirit of international law and is an illegal violation of the trade freedom of all countries, so the resolutions are also illegal and will not be recognized by other countries.
These two robbers forgot that one presided over the Berlin conference on carving up Africa, and the other just attended a feast to carve up the Nanyang colony, then turned around and condemned the Pacific region for trying to negotiate and clean the blood on his mouth, and immediately denied that they killed the chicken.
However, the public opinion created by Germany and France has put Britain and the United States under strong pressure from international public opinion. In particular, Britain and the United States do not need to care about the attitude of western countries, but Britain needs to care about the dissatisfaction of the big six countries if Britain eats too much food alone. Once the big six countries expand to the ocean, it is not that Britain can admit that the United States has strong economic strength, but it is just that cultural pride is not enough to care about the image of the country in European countries, so it is afraid to take a big risk to carve up the South Pacific.
In the end, the discussion became that the three countries will not expand in the Pacific Ocean and oppose the expansion of the country in this area, calling on the international community to treat the Pacific Ocean as a neutral area for peace, free trade and navigation, rather than becoming a private territory of a certain country or some countries.
In the end, an innocuous rather than powerful resolution came out, which was not satisfactory, but the recognition of the two countries gave an excellent reason to take military force when necessary
In recent years, he has become more and more vocal, and he has the strength to refuse western powers to enter his hunting area. Because of the financial problem, which was the most restrictive factor in the past, the reform in Hurd has also been greatly alleviated in recent years.
Section seven hundred and twentieth Hurd’s fiscal policy
During the war, three foreign debts were issued, totaling 300 million pounds.
The first time was to borrow money in the name of the railway company before the war, the second time was when the war just broke out, and the third time was to issue bonds in the second year of the war, that is, in 17 years.
Among them, the first interest rate was as high as 6%, and the second interest rate was as high as 7%, but by the third time, the interest rate had fallen by 4% and 5%. One reason was that two brigades gained an advantage in the battlefield, which made the big bonds appreciate and the big countries’ credit was high. The second reason was that during the war, the big fiscal revenue was as high as 200 million pounds, which was equivalent to 5.35 million pounds. In the same period, the British fiscal revenue was only 1.3 billion pounds, and the big fiscal revenue was as high as 60% in Britain.
It seems amazing, but Hurd thinks that the taxation ability and tax level of the big government are still too low. With a population of over 100 million, it is the world’s largest exporter of raw silk and tea, and it has developed a considerable industrial level. It is unreasonable for Hurd to think that the fiscal revenue is not as good as that of Britain.
It’s not Hurd’s intention to exaggerate, it’s a historical fact that India’s financial revenue is half as big as that of Britain. A big developing country is even worse than India. Obviously, the taxation ability of big government is even worse than that of some second-rate countries in the West.
An advanced tax system can bring about the ability of tax collection, which is the imagination of scholars in the whole society.
During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the revenue of the Manchu Dynasty was 672,000, and the revenue of the silver day was 7.55 million. Through the establishment and improvement of the fiscal system, the taxation capacity of the Manchu Dynasty was actually huge and the largest source of revenue in the Manchu Dynasty happened to be the most perfect institution presided over by Hurd. The revenue brought by the Qing government every year accounted for one-third of the government revenue.
Siam, which was smaller than Japan, established a perfect fiscal revenue, and by 1999, the fiscal revenue could reach 40,000 pounds, which was equivalent to 39% of the revenue of the Qing government at that time. The per capita tax payment was 173 times that of Manchu nationals. Siam, although the production level of the rich Siamese could not be 17 times higher than that of Manchu, was still an agricultural country at that time.
If Siam was poor and scraped people’s fat, it turned out that the living conditions of Siam people were relatively good at that time, which attracted a large number of China immigrants to make a living in Siam. This means that in the modern financial system, the government has improved its taxation ability and put a lot of wealth in the hands of the government, which did not drive people’s livelihood to bankruptcy, but it was not that they did not want to levy it, but that they could not levy it. As a result, Manchu nationals continued to go bankrupt and Manchu low tax rates obviously did not benefit the people.
The truth is that China’s unified taxation system is backward. Although the official nominal tax rate of the government is very low, the fact is that the tax paid by ordinary people is much higher than the official tax rate. The surplus is embezzled by officials and corrupt officials, and enjoying the benefits of the low government tax rate is just a group of moths.
If the per capita tax rate can reach Siam level, the current population size should be four times that of the historical Manchu fiscal revenue. If the Manchu fiscal revenue is 10 million taels, it should receive 200 million taels.
However, the level of large-scale industry is obviously higher than that of Siam, so the taxation ability should be stronger than that of Siam before Hurd thinks that the taxation ability needs to be strengthened.
However, Zhu Jinglun really dared not be Europeanized by Hurd.
Because Hurd wants to greatly touch the landlord land, the foundation of China society.
Hurd strongly suggested that land tax should be levied, because national land tax is the most important tax-so is Britain, and so is Britain in colonial system.
Before the First World War, India’s fiscal revenue reached 100 million rupees, equivalent to 100 million pounds, of which the land tax was 32.1 billion rupees, mainly because British investors paid corporate tax and income tax, 2.9 billion rupees, 11.3 billion rupees, tax exemption, 13.3 billion rupees and salt tax, 5.2 billion rupees.
Although Britain’s tax rate in India did take care of the interests of British whites, the land tax far exceeded other taxes, and the result was not to crush India. Because the land tax in Britain was also very high this year, the British land revenue was 1.9 billion pounds, of which 3.3 billion pounds was tax-free, 400 million pounds was tax-free, while the land tax, property tax and income tax added up to 500 million pounds, and the main income tax of land tax reached a quarter of the tax revenue.
However, the former University has never taxed the land. Zhu Jinglun completely gave up the practice of re-taxing the land in order to appease the local tax authorities for a long time. This is a huge tax loss.
During the period of Japanese Restoration, a thorough land tax reform was carried out, which turned the land into a complete private property and allowed transactions. As a result of land price taxation, the Japanese government searched for the largest amount of industrialized funds from farmers. During the period of Japanese government, the fiscal revenue captured by farmers exceeded half of the government revenue for a long time.
Even if it is quite large in proportion to India, it has lost one-third of the tax revenue on rural land.
However, when Hurd asked for a tax on land, it directly shocked Zhu Jinglun, not because he was interested in protecting the interests of landlords, but because he knew that moving farmers would be equivalent to a rebound in the social foundation of patriarchal clan system, which would be even greater than a rebound without building railways and running education.
In fact, China’s land annexation in the late Qing Dynasty was far less serious than that in the Song Dynasty. During the Japanese occupation of North China, a survey found that landlords with 100 acres of land occupied less than 30% of the land, and more than 70% of the land was in the hands of small landowners.
The patriarchal clan system in the south of China is stronger than that in the north, so this kind of land dispersion is more serious. Nearly half of the land is small assets. The reason for this situation is very simple, which stems from the implementation of the separation system in the DPRK.
China’s property inheritance system before the Han Dynasty was also based on the system of direct succession, which, like the West, could inherit the wealth as much as possible. Emperor Wen of the early Han Dynasty adopted the proposal of Chao Cuo, a famous minister, to promote the decree of patronage among the vassals, asking them to distribute the fiefs equally to each child, in order to disperse the territory of the vassal States and weaken their national strength in this way.
As a result, the vassal States were very aware that the imperial court conspired to raise their troops one after another and played the banner of "Qing Jun side over Chao Cuo". Finally, Emperor Han was forced to kill Chao Cuo to calm the anger of the vassal States.
Chao Cuo is dead, but the central dynasty gradually popularized the method of asking princes to divide wealth, which gradually weakened the power of the people and finally gave the central dynasty absolute power
When Zhu Yuanzhang took the place of Zhu Yuanzhang, he more thoroughly promoted this original technique of vassals and big clans to the whole society. In the law, it was stipulated that every male heir should share the property equally, including illegitimate children. As a result, the longer the land of the big landlord was inherited, the more it was divided and eventually it became a small piece of land.
The Qing Dynasty inherited the generation system, which continued to implement the land division system for extended families. Therefore, it is difficult to see the phenomenon of land merger, and clan society confronts it. This legal way is that each family buys a large amount of public property and puts land in the name of ancestral temple to sacrifice the industry, which is equivalent to putting land in the name of a certain ancestor, so it is not divided. A large part of the rural land in the southern region is clan commons. Therefore, during the land reform, some agronomists believed that Jiangnan did not need land reform, and there was no northern way in Jiangnan. As a result of the main class, the government still took away the land of the court, and the clan chiefs and local owners died miserably one by one. The biggest purpose of the government’s land resumption is to break up the patriarchal social system, and industrialized Chinese-funded agronomists can’t see this, so it’s not wrong to die.
The patriarchal clan system is also very strong. Most of the land is in the hands of the clan, not only the common land, but also the clan interferes strongly when the land is sold privately. It is customary that the land should be resold to the same clan, the same clan, and the relatives in the same village. The title deed must be filed with the blood relatives, and the buyer can complete the legal delivery without asking the same clan to sell the land.
So much attention is paid to land, because land is the life of farmers, the foundation of patriarchal clan system and clan foundation.
Once the land is moved, the clans are bound to rise up and resist, and there will be bloodshed to complete the reform.
After intense discussion, Zhu Jinglun partially agreed to Hurd’s reform plan. He approved Hurd to levy taxes on land with high degree of commercialization, which is often more profitable and more acceptable, and the resistance to taxation will be relatively small.
Britain can implement the land tax system in India mainly because Britain has turned India’s economy into a typical colonial economy, and agricultural production is highly commercialized, producing more than 10 million acres of land, planting tobacco, planting sugar cane and more than 6 million acres, so it is easier to implement land tax.
The price of collecting a large amount of land tax every day is as many as thousands of peasant riots, including 499 peasant uprisings from 16 years to 177. The government has brutally suppressed these peasants, and I don’t know how many people have died. Zhu Jinglun is not going to bear this price.
So Hurd can levy taxes on urban commercial land, rural mulberry fields, tea gardens and sugarcane planting land.